Referenceværdierne nedenfor er hentet fra konsensusdokumenter fra American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) og European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Anvend indholdsfortegnelsen til at springe direkte til det rette afsnit. Parameterbetegnelserne er oversat til dansk, mens de internationale forkortelser følger kilderetningslinjerne.
Aorta, normalværdier
| Normalinterval | Normalinterval, justeret | |
|---|---|---|
| Annulus aortae | 20-31 mm | 12-14 mm/m2 |
| Sinus valsalva | 29-45 mm | 15-20 mm/m2 |
| Sinotubulær overgang | 22-36 mm | 13-17 mm/m2 |
| Aorta ascendens | 22-36 mm | 13-17 mm/m2 |
| Arcus aortae | 22-36 mm | |
| Aorta descendens | 20-30 mm |
Justering betyder, at værdien justeres for legemsoverfladen (BSA, Body Surface Area), som angives i kvadratmeter.
Aorta, standardiseret
Standardiserede værdier (middelværdi ± SD)
| Alder | Annulus aortae, kvinder | Annulus aortae, mænd | Sinus Valsalvae, kvinder | Sinus Valsalvae, mænd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 11,4 ± 1,1 | 11,4 ± 1,2 | 15,5 ± 1,5 | 15,3 ± 1,8 |
| 30–39 | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,4 ± 1,1 | 16,5 ± 1,6 | 15,7 ± 1,3* |
| 40–49 | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,5 ± 0,9 | 16,8 ± 1,4 | 16,6 ± 1,5 |
| 50–59 | 12,0 ± 0,9 | 11,5 ± 0,9 | 17,9 ± 1,6 | 16,8 ± 1,7* |
| 60–69 | 11,7 ± 1,1 | 12,1 ± 1,0 | 17,5 ± 1,7 | 17,8 ± 1,6 |
| >70 | 11,6 ± 1,1 | 12,0 ± 1,0 | 18,2 ± 1,9 | 18,1 ± 1,7 |
| Alle | 11,7 ± 1,0 | 11,6 ± 1,0 | 17,0 ± 1,9 | 16,6 ± 1,8 |
| Alder | Sinotubulær overgang, kvinder | Sinotubulær overgang, mænd | Aorta ascendens, kvinder | Aorta ascendens, mænd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 13,5 ± 1,4 | 12,7 ± 2,3 | 15,1 ± 1,6 | 14,3 ± 1,6* |
| 30–39 | 14,3 ± 1,5 | 13,3 ± 1,3 | 16,4 ± 1,8 | 14,5 ± 1,4* |
| 40–49 | 14,6 ± 1,2 | 14,1 ± 1,5* | 16,4 ± 1,4 | 15,5 ± 1,5* |
| 50–59 | 15,7 ± 1,3 | 14,1 ± 1,5 | 18,0 ± 1,4 | 16,2 ± 1,6* |
| 60–69 | 14,7 ± 1,6 | 15,1 ± 1,6* | 17,6 ± 1,7 | 17,3 ± 1,7 |
| >70 | 15,5 ± 2,0 | 14,7 ± 1,6 | 18,2 ± 3,3 | 17,5 ± 1,4 |
| Alle | 14,7 ± 1,7 | 13,9 ± 1,8 | 16,9 ± 2,3 | 15,7 ± 1,8 |
| Alder | Arcus aortae, kvinder | Arcus aortae, mænd |
|---|---|---|
| <30 | 10,7 ± 1,0 | 10,1 ± 1,3* |
| 30–39 | 11,6 ± 1,6 | 10,8 ± 1,3* |
| 40–49 | 11,5 ± 1,2 | 11,3 ± 1,3 |
| 50–59 | 12,7 ± 1,1 | 11,3 ± 1,2* |
| 60–69 | 12,5 ± 1,4 | 12,0 ± 1,1 |
| >70 | 12,7 ± 1,2 | 12,2 ± 1,3 |
| Alle | 11,9 ± 1,5 | 11,2 ± 1,4 |
Aortainsufficiens (AI)
Primære parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vena contracta (cm) | < 0,3 | 0,3-0,6 | > 0,6 |
| PHT (trykhalveringstid), CW-doppler | > 500 | 200-500 | < 200 |
| Diastolisk flowreversering, PW-doppler i aorta descendens | hvis til stede, tidlig diastolisk | tidlig diastolisk | holodiastolisk |
Kvantificering af regurgitationsjettet
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jetbredde / LVOT-bredde | < 0,25 | 0,25-0,64 | > 0,64 |
| Jetareal / LVOT-areal | < 0,05 | 0,05-0,59 | > 0,59 |
Kvalitative parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jetareal | lille | variabel | stor ved central jet, variabel ved excentrisk jet |
| Koaptationsdefekt | let | moderat | svær |
| CW-profil ved aortainsufficiens | svag | variabel | tæt |
| Størrelse af venstre atrium | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| Størrelse af venstre ventrikel | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
Supplerende PISA-parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EROA (cm²) | < 0,10 | 0,10-0,29 | > 0,29 |
| Regurgitationsvolumen (ml/slag) | < 30 | 30-59 | > 59 |
| Regurgitationsfraktion (%) | < 30 | 30-49 | > 49 |
EROA = (CSA*v)/v(maxMR) {{ Flowhastighed = CSA*v = 6,28*r2*v(aliasing)
Referencer
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.
Aortastenose (AS)
Sygdomsdefinerende parametre
| Let stenose | Moderat stenose | Svær stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klapareal (cm²) | > 1,5 | 1,0-1,5 | < 1,0 |
| Indekseret klapareal (cm²/m²) | >0,85 | 0,6-0,85 | < 0,6 |
Målte parametre
| Aortasklerose | Let stenose | Moderat stenose | Svær stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middelgradient (mmHg) | < 20 | 20-40 | > 40 | |
| Maksimalhastighed (m/s) | 1,8-2,5 | 2,6-2,9 | 3,0-4,0 | > 4,0 |
| Maksimalgradient (mmHg) | < 35 | 35-65 | > 65 | |
| Hastighedsratio (LVOT / aortaklap) | > 0,5 | 0,5-0,25 | < 0,25 |
Referencer
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Vahanian, Alec; Alfieri, Ottavio; Andreotti, Felicita; Antunes, Manuel J.; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Edvardsen, Thor; Goldstein, Steven et al. (2017): Recommendations on the Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis. A Focused Update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 372–392. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.02.009.
Venstre ventrikel, systolisk funktion, visuel vurdering
Visuel vurdering af venstre ventrikels segmenter (systolisk funktion)
| TYPE AF VÆGBEVÆGELSE | DEFINITION | WALL MOTION SCORE |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | Normal fortykkelse (sædvanligvis >30 % fortykkelse fra slutdiastole til slutsystole). | 1 |
| Hypokinesi | Nedsat fortykkelse (sædvanligvis 10–30 % fortykkelse fra slutdiastole til slutsystole) | 2 |
| Akinesi | Markant nedsat eller ingen fortykkelse (<10 %) | 3 |
| Dyskinesi | Paradoks fortynding og/eller udadrettet bevægelse under systolen | 4 |
| Aneurismatisk | Diastolisk deformering | 5 |
Denne semikvantitative gradering af venstre ventrikels systoliske funktion anbefales af American Society for Echocardiography (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440-1463, 2005).
Venstre ventrikel, masse og geometri
Referenceværdier for venstre ventrikels masse og geometri
| Kvinder | Mænd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
| LINEÆR METODE | ||||||||
| LV-masse, g | 67–162 | 163–186 | 187–210 | >211 | 88–224 | 225–258 | 259–292 | >293 |
| LV-masse/BSA, g/m2 | 43–95 | 96–108 | 109–121 | > 122 | 49–115 | 116–131 | 132–148 | > 149 |
| LV-masse/højde, g/m | 41–99 | 100–115 | 116–128 | >129 | 52–126 | 127–144 | 145–162 | >163 |
| LV-masse/højde 2,7 , g/m2,7 | 18–44 | 45–51 | 52–58 | >59 | 20–48 | 49–55 | 56–63 | >64 |
| Relativ vægtykkelse, cm | 0,22–0,42 | 0,43–0,47 | 0,48–0,52 | >0,53 | 0,24–0,42 | 0,43–0,46 | 0,47–0,51 | >0,52 |
| Septumtykkelse, cm | 0,6–0,9 | 1,0–1,2 | 1,3–1,5 | > 1,6 | 0,6–1,0 | 1,1–1,3 | 1,4–1,6 | > 1,7 |
| Bagvægstykkelse, cm | 0,6–0,9 | 1,0–1,2 | 1,3–1,5 | > 1,6 | 0,6–1,0 | 1,1–1,3 | 1,4–1,6 | > 1,7 |
| 2D-METODE | ||||||||
| LV-masse, g | 66–150 | 151–171 | 172–182 | > 193 | 96–200 | 201–227 | 228–254 | > 255 |
| LV-masse/BSA, g/m2 | 44–88 | 89–100 | 101–112 | > 113 | 50–102 | 103–116 | 117–130 | > 131 |
BSA = legemsoverfladeareal; LV = venstre ventrikel; 2D = 2-dimensionel. Fed kursiv: anbefalet og bedst valideret.
Venstre ventrikel, størrelse
Referenceværdier for venstre ventrikels størrelse
| Kvinder | Mænd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
| LV-DIMENSIONER | ||||||||
| LV-diastolisk diameter | 3,9–5,3 | 5,4–5,7 | 5,8–6,1 | >6,2 | 4,2–5,9 | 6,0–6,3 | 6,4–6,8 | >6,9 |
| LV-diastolisk diameter/BSA, cm/m 2 | 2,4–3,2 | 3,3–3,4 | 3,5–3,7 | >3,8 | 2,2–3,1 | 3,2–3,4 | 3,5–3,6 | >3,7 |
| LV-diastolisk diameter/højde, cm/m | 2,5–3,2 | 3,3–3,4 | 3,5–3,6 | >3,7 | 2,4–3,3 | 3,4–3,5 | 3,6–3,7 | >3,8 |
| LV-VOLUMEN | ||||||||
| LV-diastolisk volumen, mL | 56–104 | 105–117 | 118–130 | >131 | 67–155 | 156–178 | 179–201 | >201 |
| LV-diastolisk volumen/BSA, mL/m 2 | 35–75 | 76–86 | 87–96 | > 97 | 35–75 | 76–86 | 87–96 | > 97 |
| LV-systolisk volumen, mL | 19–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | >70 | 22–58 | 59–70 | 71–82 | >83 |
| LV-systolisk volumen/BSA, mL/m 2 | 12–30 | 31–36 | 37–42 | > 43 | 12–30 | 31–36 | 37–42 | > 43 |
BSA = legemsoverfladeareal; LV = venstre ventrikel. Fed kursiv: anbefalet og bedst valideret.
Venstre ventrikel, funktion
Referenceværdier for venstre ventrikels funktion
| Kvinder | Mænd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | Normal | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
| LINEÆR METODE | ||||||||
| Endokardiel fraktionel forkortning, % | 27–45 | 22–26 | 17–21 | <16 | 25–43 | 20–24 | 15–19 | <14 |
| Midtvægs fraktionel forkortning, % | 15–23 | 13–14 | 11–12 | <10 | 14–22 | 12–13 | 10–11 | <10 |
| 2D-METODE | ||||||||
| Ejektionsfraktion, % | >55 | 45–54 | 30–44 | <30 | >55 | 45–54 | 30–44 | <30 |
2D = todimensional. Fed kursiv: anbefalet og bedst valideret.
Ny klassifikation af uddrivningsfraktionen
| Normal | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ejektionsfraktion (%), biplan, mænd | 52-72 | 41-51 | 30-40 | <30 |
| Ejektionsfraktion (%), biplan, kvinder | 54-74 | 41-53 | 30-40 | <30 |
Referencer
- Lang, Roberto M.; Badano, Luigi P.; Mor-Avi, Victor; Afilalo, Jonathan; Armstrong, Anderson; Ernande, Laura et al. (2015): Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. In European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging 16 (3), pp. 233–270. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014.
- Lang, Roberto M.; Bierig, Michelle; Devereux, Richard B.; Flachskampf, Frank A.; Foster, Elyse; Pellikka, Patricia A. et al. (2005): Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 18 (12), pp. 1440–1463. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.005. –>Pubmed-Link
Venstre ventrikel, diastolisk funktion
| Kriterium | Normal ung | Normal voksen | Abnorm relaksation (grad 1-dysfunktion) | Pseudonormal (grad 2-dysfunktion) | Reversibel restriktiv fyldning (grad 3-dysfunktion) | Irreversibel restriktiv fyldning (grad 4-dysfunktion) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E/A-ratio | 1–2 | 1–2 | <1 | 1–1,5 (reverserer ved Valsalva-manøvre) | >1,5 | 1,5–2,0 (reverserer ikke ved Valsalva-manøvre) |
| Decelerationstid (DT), ms | <240 | 150–240 | ≥240 | 150–200 | <150 | <150 |
| IVRT (ms) | 70–90 | 70–90 | >90 | <90 | <70 | <70 |
| S/D-ratio | <1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| ARdur − Adur (ms) | ≥30 | ≤0 | ≤0 eller ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 |
| AR-hastighed (cm/s) | <35 | <35 | <35 | ≥35 | ≥35 | ≥35 |
| e’-hastighed (cm/s) | >10 | >8 | <8 | <8 | <8 | <8 |
For at få "ARdur–Adur" trækkes Adur fra ARdur. AR-hastigheden er flowhastigheden på den negative bølge, der registreres ved doppler i lungevenen (AR = atrial regurgitation).
Højre ventrikel og lungearterie
| Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RV-DIMENSIONER | ||||
| Basal RV-diameter (RVD 1), cm | 2,0–2,8 | 2,9–3,3 | 3,4–3,8 | >3,9 |
| Midterste RV-diameter (RVD 2), cm | 2,7–3,3 | 3,4–3,7 | 3,8–4,1 | >4,2 |
| Længde fra basis til apex (RVD 3), cm | 7,1–7,9 | 8,0–8,5 | 8,6–9,1 | >9,2 |
| RVOT-DIAMETER | ||||
| Over aortaklappen (RVOT 1), cm | 2,5–2,9 | 3,0–3,2 | 3,3–3,5 | >3,6 |
| Over pulmonalklappen (RVOT 2), cm | 1,7–2,3 | 2,4–2,7 | 2,8–3,1 | >3,2 |
| PA-DIAMETER | ||||
| Under pulmonalklappen (PA 1), cm | 1,5–2,1 | 2,2–2,5 | 2,6–2,9 | >3,0 |
| RV-STØRRELSE OG -FUNKTION (MÅLT I A4C) | ||||
| RV-diastolisk areal, cm2 | 11–28 | 29–32 | 33–37 | >38 |
| RV-systolisk areal, cm2 | 7,5–16 | 17–19 | 20–22 | >23 |
| RV-fraktionel arealændring, % | 32–60 | 25–31 | 18–24 | <17 |
Atrier, venstre og højre
Referenceværdier for venstre atrium
| Kvinder | Mænd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | Normalinterval | Let abnorm | Moderat abnorm | Udtalt abnorm | |
| ATRIEDIMENSIONER | ||||||||
| LA-diameter, cm | 2,7–3,8 | 3,9–4,2 | 4,3–4,6 | >4,7 | 3,0–4,0 | 4,1–4,6 | 4,7–5,2 | >5,2 |
| LA-diameter/BSA, cm/m2 | 1,5–2,3 | 2,4–2,6 | 2,7–2,9 | >3,0 | 1,5–2,3 | 2,4–2,6 | 2,7–2,9 | >3,0 |
| RA-dimension i kort akse, cm | 2,9–4,5 | 4,6–4,9 | 5,0–5,4 | >5,5 | 2,9–4,5 | 4,6–4,9 | 5,0–5,4 | >5,5 |
| RA-dimension i kort akse/BSA, cm/m2 | 1,7–2,5 | 2,6–2,8 | 2,9–3,1 | >3,2 | 1,7–2,5 | 2,6–2,8 | 2,9–3,1 | >3,2 |
| ATRIEAREAL | ||||||||
| LA-areal, cm2 | <20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >40 | <20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >40 |
| ATRIEVOLUMENER | ||||||||
| LA-volumen, mL | 22–52 | 53–62 | 63–72 | >73 | 18–58 | 59–68 | 69–78 | >79 |
| LA-volumen/BSA, mL/m2 | 22 ± 6 | 29–33 | 34–39 | >40 | 22 ± 6 | 29–33 | 34–39 | >40 |
BSA = legemsoverfladeareal; LA = venstre atrium; RA = højre atrium.
Mitralinsufficiens (MI)
Primære parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vena contracta (cm) | < 0,3 | 0,3-0,69 | > 0,69 |
| EROA (cm²) | < 0,20 | 0,20-0,39 | > 0,39 |
| Jetstørrelse | < 4cm² eller < 20% af atriets areal | 4-10 cm² eller 20-40% af atriets areal | > 10 cm² eller > 40% af atriets areal |
| Jetretning | central | variabel | excentrisk |
| Lungeveneflow | S-dominant | reduceret S-bølge | systolisk flowreversering |
Kvalitative parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitralklapapparat | normalt eller let abnormt | ofte abnormt | abnormt, eventuelt med flail-sejl |
| CW-profil ved mitralinsufficiens | svag | variabel | tæt |
| CW-profilens form ved mitralinsufficiens | parabolsk | variabel | tidlig top, trekantet |
| Størrelse af venstre atrium | normal | normal eller dilateret | dilateret |
| Størrelse af venstre ventrikel | normal | normal eller dilateret | dilateret |
Supplerende PISA-parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regurgitationsvolumen (ml/slag) | < 30 | 30-59 | > 59 |
| Regurgitationsvolumen = EROA x TVI | |||
| Regurgitationsfraktion (%) | < 30 | 30-49 | > 49 |
Øvrige parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PW-doppler over mitralklappen | A-dominant | variabel | høje E-værdier |
Referencer
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. –>Pubmed-Link
Mitralstenose (MS)
Primære parametre
| Let stenose | Moderat stenose | Svær stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klapareal | > 1,5 cm² | 1,5–1,0 cm² | < 1,0 cm² |
| Middelgradient | < 5 mmHg | 5-10 mmHg | > 10 mmHg |
Supplerende parametre
| Let stenose | Moderat stenose | Svær stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonalarterietryk | <30 | 30-50 | >50 |
Referencer
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
- Vahanian, Alec; Alfieri, Ottavio; Andreotti, Felicita; Antunes, Manuel J.; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Baumgartner, Helmut et al. (2012): Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). In European heart journal 33 (19), pp. 2451–2496. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109.
Pulmonalinsufficiens (PI)
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonalklappens morfologi | normal | normal/abnorm | abnorm |
| Tæthed ved CW-doppler | svag, langsom deceleration | variabel | tæt, stejl deceleration og tidlig afslutning af det diastoliske flow |
| Strålebredde ved farvedoppler | lille, < 10 mm lang, med smal oprindelse | variabel | stor med bred oprindelse |
| Forhold mellem pulmonalt og aortalt flow | normal | variabel | betydeligt øget |
Referencer
- Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
- Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.
- Lancellotti, Patrizio; Tribouilloy, Christophe; Hagendorff, Andreas; Moura, Luis; Popescu, Bogdan A.; Agricola, Eustachio et al. (2010): European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease). In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 11 (3), pp. 223–244. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq030.
Pulmonalstenose (PS)
| Let stenose | Moderat stenose | Svær stenose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maksimalhastighed (m/s) | < 3 | 3–4 | > 4 |
| Maksimalgradient (mmHg) | < 36 | 36-64 | > 64 |
Referencer
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
- Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
Trikuspidalinsufficiens (TI)
Primære parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PISA radius | < 0,6 | 0,6-0,9 | > 0,9 |
| Vena contracta (cm) | ikke defineret | < 0,7 | > 0,7 |
| Leverveneflow | S-dominant | reduceret S-bølge | systolisk flowreversering med stråle til levervenerne |
Supplerende kvantitative parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strålestørrelse | < 5cm² | 5-10 cm² | > 10 cm² |
| Størrelse af vena cava inferior | < 2,1 cm og komprimerbar | mellem de angivne grænser | > 2,1 cm, næsten ikke komprimerbar |
Supplerende kvalitative parametre
| Let insufficiens | Moderat insufficiens | Svær insufficiens | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koaptationsdefekt | let | moderat | svær |
| Størrelse af højre ventrikel | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| Størrelse af højre atrium | normal | normal eller forstørret | forstørret |
| CW-profil ved trikuspidalinsufficiens | svag | variabel | tæt |
| CW-profilens form ved trikuspidalinsufficiens | parabolsk | variabel | tidlig top, trekantet |
Referencer
1. Zoghbi, William A.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A.; Kraft, Carol D.; Levine, Robert A. et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.
2. Zoghbi, William A.; Adams, David; Bonow, Robert O.; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice; Foster, Elyse; Grayburn, Paul A. et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. –>Pubmed-Link
Trikuspidalstenose (TS)
| Middeltrykgradient | ≥ 5 mmHg |
|---|---|
| Klapareal efter kontinuitetsligningen (cm²) | ≤ 1 cm² |
| Tids-hastighedsintegral for trikuspidalindstrømningen (cm) | > 60 cm |
| Trykhalveringstid (T ½,ms) | ≥ 190 ms |
| Højre atrium | Svært forstørret |
| Vena cava inferior | forstørret |
Referencer
1. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 10 (1), pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen303.
2. Baumgartner, Helmut; Hung, Judy; Bermejo, Javier; Chambers, John B.; Evangelista, Arturo; Griffin, Brian P. et al. (2009): Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 22 (1), 1-23; quiz 101-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.